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ULTRASONOGRAPHY: Introduction, Principles, Indications, Advantages & Disadvantages

Sonography is a technique based on sound waves that acquires images in real time without the use of ionizing radiation. The phenomenon perceived as sound is the result of periodic changes in the pressure of air against the ear-drum. The periodicity of these changes ranges from 1500-20,000 Hz. Ultrasound has a periodicity greater than 20Continue reading “ULTRASONOGRAPHY: Introduction, Principles, Indications, Advantages & Disadvantages”

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease): Introduction, Clinical Features, Diagnosis & Management

Definition COPD is defined as a common preventable and treatable disease that is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation that is due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities usually by significant exposure to noxious particles/ gases. Related diagnosis include: Chronic bronchitis and emphysema Extrapulmonary manifestation include; impaired nutrition, weight loss, skeletal muscle dusfunction RiskContinue reading “COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease): Introduction, Clinical Features, Diagnosis & Management”

ORAL CANCER- Classification, Etiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis and Its Management

Oral carcinoma is one of the most prevalent cancers. Oral cancer is a disease of increasing age; approx. 95% of cases occur in people older than 40 years, with an average age at diagnosis of approx. 60 years. WHO Classification of oral cancer Sites Tongue, oropharynx floor of mouth (commonly), lips, gingiva, dorsum of tongue,Continue reading “ORAL CANCER- Classification, Etiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis and Its Management”

SYNCOPE & ITS MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION Syncope is the sudden transient loss of consciousness(LOC) and postural tone due to decreased cerebral blood flow, with spontaneous recovery. LOC occurs within 10 seconds of hypo perfusion of the reticular activating system in mid brain. ETIOLOGY 1.Cardiac causes 2.Orthostatic Hypotension 3.Reflex (Neurally mediated) Syncope SYNCOPE TRIGGERS Micturation Defecation Glossopharyngeal neuralgia Orthostatic Venipuncture JacuzziContinue reading “SYNCOPE & ITS MANAGEMENT”

SPLENOMEGALY: Causes, Characteristic & Investigations

The spleen may be enlarged due to: Involvement by lymphoproliferative disease Extramedullary hematopoiesis in myeloproliferative disease Enhanced reticulo- endothelial activity in autoimmune haemolysis Expansion of the lymphoid tissue in response to infections Vascular congestion as a result of portal hypertension Causes of splenomegaly A. Infective Bacterial: Endocarditis, septicaemia, tuberculosis, brucellosis, salmonella Viral: Hepatitis, Epstein BarrContinue reading “SPLENOMEGALY: Causes, Characteristic & Investigations”

INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS: Introduction, Etiology, Clinical features, Diagnosis & Management

A microbial infection of the endocardial surface of heart. Common sites: heart valves, but may occur at septal defect on chordae tendinae or in the mural endocardium Males> females May occur at any age, more commonly in elderly Mortality: 20-30% Causative Agents A. Bacteria Viridian group of streptococci (Streptococcus mitis, S. Sanguis)– common in URTContinue reading “INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS: Introduction, Etiology, Clinical features, Diagnosis & Management”

MITRAL VALVE STENOSIS: Introduction, Clinical features & Management

Mitral stenosis is a valvular heart disease characterized by narrowing of the orifice of mitral valve of the heart. Etiology Rheumatic heart disease Congenital Pathophysiology When the normal valve orifice of 5 cm3 reduced to 1 cm3 or less, severe mitral stenosis occurs. In order to maintain normal cardiac output, left atrial pressure rises andContinue reading “MITRAL VALVE STENOSIS: Introduction, Clinical features & Management”

CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CBCT)

CBCT imaging is the most significant technologic advances in maxillofacial imaging since the introduction of panoramic radiograph. It was initially developed commercially for an angiography. It uses a divergent cone shaped or pyramidal shaped source of ionizing radiation and two dimensional area detector fixed on a rotating gantry, to provide multiple sequential transmission images thatContinue reading “CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CBCT)”

RADIONUCLIDES

INTRODUCTION Radionuclide imaging (a form of functional imaging) provides a means of assessing such physiologic changes. Radionuclide is a diagnostic modality in which radio-pharmaceuticals are used to get images. Nuclear medicine examinations are commonly used to assign function of the brain, thyroid, heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal system as well as for diagnosis and follow-up ofContinue reading “RADIONUCLIDES”

Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Infective Endocarditis

Guidelines for Antibiotic Prophylaxis High risk category Prosthetic cardiac valves Previous bacterial endocarditis Complex cyanotic congenital diseases Surgically constructed systemic pulmonary shunts or condults Moderate risk category Most other congenital cardiac malformation Acquired valvular dysfunction e. RHD Mitral valve prolapse Negligible risk category Isolated secundum atrial septal defect Surgical repair of ASD or patent ductusContinue reading “Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Infective Endocarditis”